Albert Einstein | |
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Albert Einstein, 1921 | |
Born | 14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire |
Died | 18 April 1955 (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, USA |
Residence | Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA |
Citizenship | Württemberg/Germany (until 1896) Stateless (1896–1901) Switzerland (since 1901) Austria (1911–12) Germany (1914–33) United States (since 1940)[1] |
Ethnicity | Jewish |
Fields | Physics |
Institutions | Swiss Patent Office (Bern) University of Zurich Charles University in Prague ETH Zurich Prussian Academy of Sciences Kaiser Wilhelm Institute University of Leiden Institute for Advanced Study |
Alma mater | ETH Zurich University of Zurich |
Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
Other academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
Notable students | Ernst G. Straus Nathan Rosen Leo Szilard Raziuddin Siddiqui[2] |
Known for | General relativity Special relativity Photoelectric effect Brownian motion Mass-energy equivalence Einstein field equations Unified Field Theory Bose–Einstein statistics |
Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Time Person of the Century |
Signature |
Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] ( listen); 14 March 1879–18 April 1955) was a German-born Swiss-American theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[3] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."[4]
His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion advance of Mercury, prediction of the deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing, the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian movement of molecules, the photon theory and wave-particle duality, the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids, the zero-point energy concept, the semiclassical version of the Schrödinger equation, and the quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose–Einstein condensation.
Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works.[5] Einstein additionally wrote and commentated prolifically on numerous philosophical and political
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